The History of Barbed Wire or the Thorny Fence

The History of Barbed Wire or the Thorny Fence Licenses for enhancements to wire fencing were conceded by the U.S. Patent Office, starting with Michael Kelly in November 1868 and finishing with Joseph Glidden in November 1874, that shape the historical backdrop of this instrument. Prickly Fence versus Wild West The quick rise of this exceptionally compelling instrument as the supported fencing technique changed life in the wild west as drastically as the rifle, six-shooter, broadcast, windmill, and train. Without fencing, domesticated animals brushed uninhibitedly, going after feed and water. Where working ranches existed, most properties were unfenced and open to scavenging by wandering dairy cattle and sheep. Prior to spiked metal, the absence of viable fencing constrained cultivating and farming practices, and the quantity of individuals who could settle in a region. The new fencing changed the West from immense and vague grasslands/fields to a place that is known for cultivating, and far reaching settlement. Why Wire Was Used Wooden wall were exorbitant and hard to secure on the grassland and fields, where barely any trees developed. Wood was in such short flexibly in the district that ranchers had to fabricate places of grass. In like manner, rocks for stone dividers were scant on the fields. Security fencing end up being less expensive, simpler, and speedier to use than any of these different other options. Michael Kelly Invented the First Barbed Wire Fencing The primary wire wall (before the creation of the point) comprised of just one strand of wire, which was continually broken by the heaviness of dairy cattle squeezing against it. Michael Kelly made a huge improvement to wire fencing, he turned two wires together to frame a link for spikes - the first of its sort. Known as the prickly fence, Michael Kellys twofold strand configuration made wall more grounded, and the excruciating points made cows stay away. Joseph Glidden Was Considered the King of the Barb Typically, different innovators looked to enhance Michael Kellys plan; among them was Joseph Glidden, a rancher from De Kalb, IL. In 1873 and 1874, licenses were given for different plans to go up against Micheal Kellys development. Be that as it may, the perceived champ was Joseph Gliddens structure for a straightforward wire spike bolted onto a twofold strand wire. Joseph Gliddens configuration made security fencing increasingly successful, he developed a strategy for securing the points, and imagined the apparatus to mass-produce the wire. Joseph Gliddens U.S. patent was given on November 24, 1874. His patent endure court difficulties from different designers. Joseph Glidden won in case and deals. Today, it remains the most recognizable style of security fencing. Effect Living examples of the roaming Native Americans were fundamentally adjusted. Further crushed from lands they had consistently utilized, they started considering spiked metal the Devils rope. More fenced-off land implied that dairy cattle herders were subject to the lessening open terrains, which quickly became overgrazed. Dairy cattle grouping was bound to get wiped out. Spiked metal, Warfare, and Security After its creation, security fencing was generally utilized during wars, to shield individuals and property from undesirable interruption. Military use of spiked metal officially dates to 1888, when British military manuals initially empowered its utilization. During the Spanish-American War, Teddy Roosevelts Rough Riders decided to safeguard their camps with the assistance of pointed fencing. Thusly of-the-century South Africa, five-strand wall were connected to strong houses shielding British soldiers from the infringement of Boer commandos. During World War I, security fencing was utilized as a military weapon. Indeed, even now, security fencing is generally used to ensure and protect army base, to build up regional limits, and for detainee constrainment. Utilized on development and capacity destinations and around distribution centers, security fencing ensures supplies and people and keeps out undesirable gatecrashers.

Use Acids to Remove Writing From Your Paper With Writing On It

Use Acids to Remove Writing From Your Paper With Writing On ItUsing a simple method to help you peel off writing from your paper with writing on it is an excellent way to make a real difference. The method that works best for you may be different than other people. Some people have found that all you need is something acidic to eat. Others have found that they need something that is not so good for you.Anytime you are trying to remove writing from your paper with writing on it, you are going to need some sort of acid. If you are going to use vinegar or anything acidic, you are going to want to get a recipe for it so that you can actually follow the directions. This is something that you will want to do every time you try to remove writing from your paper with writing on it.You are going to need to apply the acid on the back of the paper that you want to remove writing from. Then you will want to peel the paper with writing on it carefully away from the acid. After that, you are going to simply peel off the paper back. This is the easiest way to get writing off of the paper. However, you should avoid using so much acid that it does the paper in.It is best if you keep the acid that you used on the paper until the paper has completely dried. Many people don't realize that when they think they are done with the paper that they are actually going to peel off more of the writing on the paper than they actually did. The only thing that you really need to worry about when you peel off writing is the acid.When you peel off writing from your paper with writing on it, you will want to keep some paper that is soft or food items like ketchup, mayonnaise, and mustard on the paper. This will allow you to put it in a plastic bag and not peel off all of the writing. However, you want to be careful that you don't rip the paper or anything else on the paper with you.Once you have used the paper with writing on it to remove writing, you can then start to lay out a bunch of paper. Then you are going to take a piece of cardboard and lay it down over the top of the paper with writing on it. This will keep it dry so that you don't tear it up.Finally, you are going to cut a hole on the bottom of the paper and lay it on top of the cardboard. Use an X-Acto knife to make a small hole in the paper. Then you will gently slide the entire paper with writing on it under the hole.Then you are going to fold the paper over so that it is laying right side up. You are going to place the hole back into the fold and carefully peel the paper off the edges. Repeat this until you no longer see writing on the paper.

Neophobia as the Fear of New Things

Neophobia as the Fear of New Things Phobias Types Print Neophobia or the Fear of New Things By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on October 20, 2019 Peopleimages/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Neophobia, or the fear of new things, is a relatively complicated phobia. In one sense, humans are creatures of habit. We may spend decades in the same house, working for the same employer, driving the same car and even eating the same thing every Friday night. On the other hand, humans are also adventurers. We long to know what is just around the next bend. We eagerly await raises, promotions, and vacations. We constantly strive for knowledge and achievement. Neophobia challenges the human condition. In its mildest forms, it may not even be recognizable as a fear. Some people are bigger risk-takers than others, and there is no crime in preferring a comfortable routine. More serious neophobia is a true phobia that can become life-limiting. Neophobia in Children and the Elderly Small children often demonstrate signs of neophobia. The entire world is new to them, and resistance to change may just be an innate need to feel like something is constant in their ever-widening worlds. Likewise, many elderly people develop mild neophobia. As the effects of aging catch up to us, we may begin to feel like our days of adventure are over, preferring to remain in comfortable, familiar surroundings. Again, just feeling comfortable in your own surroundings or in a daily routine and being somewhat reluctant to change, doesnt mean you suffer from neophobia. Moderate to Severe Neophobia Regardless of age, moderate to severe neophobia can have a serious impact on your daily life. It is easy to become stuck in a rut, avoiding risks that could lead to greater personal fulfillment or societal impacts. Some people make the conscious decision not to shine at work or school, some refuse to try new vacation destinations and others avoid opportunities to make new friends. Neophobia may be related to the twin fears of success and failure. To truly succeed or fail, it is necessary to take a risk. Both outcomes are potentially life-changing, forcing you to adapt to new circumstances. If you suffer from neophobia, you may feel that the potential benefits of success do not outweigh the potential upheaval to your life. Food Neophobia Food neophobia is especially common in small children. So-called picky eaters, who are unwilling to eat more than a handful of familiar items, may actually suffer from food neophobia. Most kids outgrow food neophobia as they mature, but those who do not outgrow it by young adulthood may struggle with the fear throughout their lives. Cenophobia Cenophobia, or the fear of new ideas, is a subset of neophobia. The fear halts progress and can ultimately lead to disaster. While it is smart not to accept every snake oil salesman at face value, new ideas and ways of thinking about a situation are critical to success.

Research Paper on An Insight of The Bhagavad Gita in Relation to Hinduism

Every religion of this world has its own culture, with many customs, traditions and refined qualities. The Hindu culture is a culture of love, respect, honouring others and humbling ones own ego so that the inner nature, which is naturally pure and modest, will shine forth. It is no surprise that they cherish The Bhagavad Gita as a sacred Hindu text. It is known as the song of God besides being one of the oldest religious texts in the world. Under the Hindu culture, the text is described as a concise guide to Hindu philosophy and also as a practical, self-contained guide to life. Like in Christianity and Islam, as in the bible and the Quran, it duly followed in the Hindu culture to dictate way of life and major processes that relate to Hinduism. This paper will try to highlight the importance of this text to Hinduism and the general culture and way of life of the Indian people (Johnson 90). The Srimad Bhagavad-Gita is exceptional in its broad publication and widespread circulation. Along with the commentaries of former great saints as well as modern scholars, this classic appears in various languages, both in India and other countries. The commentaries of the great Vaisnava acaryas[1] such as Srimat Ramanuja, Srimat, and Sri Sridhara Swamipada deserve special mention, while among the proponents of jnana-marga, the scholastic path, the commentaries of Srimat Sankaracarya and Sri Madhusudana Saraswati are prominent. The commentaries of Sriyuta Bala Gangadhara Tilak and Sri Aurobindo favour the school of karma-yoga, or the path of action, and are also familiar to modern scholars. In addition, great philosophers of both Orient and Occident have passionately sung the glories of Sri Gita, being motivated by the ideals of its philosophy. But opportune persons of fine theistic intellect will experience the acintya-bhedabheda-siddhanta, axiom of inconceivable simultaneous onenes s and difference, illustriously promulgated by the authentic followers of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu, Gaudiya Acaryas Srila Visvanatha Cakravarti and Srila Baladeva Vidyabhusana as eminently faithful to exclusive devotion to the Supreme Lord. The educated and faithful devotees are also motivated within the core of their hearts by Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakurs Bengali commentary on Sri Gita, realizing it to be an all-harmonious fortune of divine love for Lord Sri Krsna (Krsna-prema), which is the fifth and eventual goal of life, transcendental to religiosity, economy, sense enjoyment, and emancipation (Johnson 100). In the overture to the current edition the reverential divine master, Sri Gurupadapadma Om Visnupada ParamahaÃŽ ¼sa Parivrajakacarya Sri Srimad Bhakti Raksak Sridhar Dev-Goswami Maharaj has brilliantly disclosed to the readers the profound, internal devotional comprehension in his version. Among the abundant editions of Sri Gita currently available, few can be said to devotedly cultivate pure devotion in agreement with the ideal conclusions of parampara, or bona fide descending disciplic progression. Consequently, the current endeavour has been warranted, considering us as blessed if the thoughtful readers take the fundamental and all-favourable spirit of this sincere effort to heart. Bowing to the consecrated feet of Sri Guru, Sri Gauranga, and Sri Radha Govindasundara, all accompanied by Their acquaintances, people sing the enormous glory of the concealed treasure of Srimad Bhagavad-Gita. The Srimad Bhagavad-Gita is well-known by the educated. Consequently, some rationalization of the formula adopted by this versions editor must originally be given. The editor belongs to the school of thought sliding in disciplic line from Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu. Therefore it is imperative to differentiate that the current edition is based on the commentaries on Sri Gita as given by the unsurpassed, applauded Sri Gaudiya Vaisnava Acaryas, Sri Visvanatha, Sri Baladeva, and Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura. By the apparent grace of the reverential religious master, Om Visnupada Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Goswami Prabhupada, and from indications given by the aforesaid great untainted devotees, some new light has been shed herein, recounting deeper meanings all through the text. The devotional student will understand this distinction particularly in realizing the claim of the four verses (10.8-11) which were explained by Sri Visvanathapada to be the four crucial verses of the book. Normally, Sri Gita is identified as an outstanding study of the science of religion. The words of Sri Gita are simple and saccharine; its disposition is serious, widespread, and basic. The thoughts are brief, separate, and neutral and its logic is sound and accepted. The introduction, epilogue, description, review, examination, creation, and art of arrangement of Sri Gita are extraordinary and amiable to the extreme (Swarupananda 44). Sri Gita is activation for the indolent, audacity for the coward, optimism for the hopeless and new life for the dying. It unites and upholds all ranks, whether revolutionist, optimist, occultist, liberationist, or theist. From the nonbeliever of repellently rudimentary apparition to the most eminent saint, the indispensable outsets of all classes of philosophers are dealt with in obvious and vigorous logic. The successful employee, the educated, and the yoga consultant and the devotee of the Lord will find in this a widespread and enlightening elucidation on the material of their particular philosophies, and thus the book is extremely respected by all. The indispensable wisdom of the Vedas and Upanishads of the Aryans is openly clarified, and upon a little closer inspection, the essence of different non-Aryan doctrines may also be noticed in the text. Within the claim of Sri Gita we find that the cleansing of consciousness through wisdom arises from significantly apathetic performance of scripturally instructed duties, resultant to self-knowledge, complete existential knowledge, or divine comprehension. Upon full development, this clean, immaculate insight culminates in the expedition for loving servi ce in unadulterated cognition, in the divine elated dominion. In the scrutiny of sambandha-jnana, knowledge of divine relationship, Sri Gita has disclosed that the nature of the most unique truth is an inspirational all-cognisant character. In the investigation of prayojana, the supreme objective, inner motivation of pure love in hunt of the highest total realism has been mentioned as the realization. And in the examination of abhidheya, the means of attaining the required objective, the first stage has been divulged as donating all ones deeds to the Supreme Lord, pursued by the development of internal self-knowledge, which occurs according to ones progressive recognition of the Lord. Finally, by renouncing all other accomplishments, one capitulates completely unto the Supreme Lord, Sri Krsna (Winternitz 24).In short, by taking protection of pure faith; one is positioned in ones ideal divine uniqueness and engages in celestial loving service to the Lord, which is the definitive goal of all devotional traditions. Sri Gita has undoubtedly differentiated and defined the characteristics of the non-committal courses based on deed, karma, and knowledge, jnana, and their equivalent attainable objectives of sense satisfaction, Kama, and deliverance, moksa. consequently, the gifted can note that by the declaration, yo yac chraddhah sa eva sah, One is identified by his particular faith, Sri Gita has drawn an purpose in comparison of diverse paths and their aims, thus enchanting and divulging those who craft perplexity by following the fabrication that the many trails and objectives are all one. Renunciation, Tyaga, has been entirely denounced, and its vainness has been categorically emphasized (Swarupananda 16). This declaration demonstrates the decisive, inherent gift of Sri Gita. Karma-yoga, contribution of ones actions to the Supreme Lord without unsophisticated interest, is fancied above karma-Tyaga, repudiation of action and in the end, full self submission to the Supreme Lord, Sri Krsna, with every deed bestowed by divine motivation in his loving service is the eventual and highest philosophy of Sri Gita. One may find it to be the king of all scriptures as the bestowed of the highest commitment. In its full-fledged nature, this dedication is the highest love divine, love for the all-attractive superlative character Sri Krsna. Sarva-dharman parityajya, mam ekam saranam vraja, the impressive, vivacious, and booming clarion christening of Sri Gita has declared the glories of lifes super brilliant purpose. This is the dependable and unanimous finale of the pure parampara, or descending spiritual sequence, as confirmed by the authentic disciples of the lotus footsteps of Sri Caitanyacandra, the original Supreme Lord, who descends to set free the descended spirits of Kali-yuga, in this iron age of quarrel and strife. To many Indians, the Bhagavad Gita is A remarkable event; an odyssey which commences with the realities of life and conquers the ultimate pinnacles of ideals. This is so because it provides a divine elixir that transforms one from the jiva state to the brahmic state. This Spiritual contemplation blends theology and life providing a stream of thought that flows from individual peace to universal peace. In short it is a reservoir of energy that turns sorrow into delight. Before we mull over on the Gita, we must first consider the Mahabharat because the Bhagavad Gita is a part of the Mahabharat. The Mahabharat is the literary history of great India, Bharat. It is a textual poem of true events. It is an absolute volume, elucidating all features of life. For this very reason this heavenly volume, which is an encyclopaedia of India’s sanà £tan edifying history, has accomplished great respect in world literature. It is assumed in immense regard as the greatest poem on earth. In fact, the Bhagavad Gita has engrossed its readers from all quarters. It has directed the lost ones on the way of life, and has readdressed people’s gaze, plunging them in retrospection. It has also made those fragile in faith, courageous, and has motivated faithless academics towards devotion. In addition, it has established self-control in one who coddles, and has described the significance of vairà £gya, disinterest from to worldly pleasures, to one who has become unreserved under the guard of bhakti. Due to its reverence Bhagavad Gita has been given the grade of an Upanishad. Because the Upanishads describe, defend and cultivate the ultimate principles and lead one to a true life, (Garaudy 148).The undying standards of the Upanishads are entirely reflected in the Gita. From these reasons, the text really affects and portrays the culture of Hinduism and the ways of life in which they lead. As it is evident, Many Indians are very cultural and religious thus owing to texts and books regarding their history. Besides its religious outfit, The Gita relays on issues regarding laziness. It has assisted people to shake off indolence, hammering in them the interest to undertaking, and it has revitalized the conquered. This evidence is seen on the hard work associated with Indians all over the world. I am yet to see a lazy Indian. To conclude, what has the Bhagavad Gita not done? How has this all been made possible? The respond can be found in a shlok in the Gita ‘Yasmà £d dharmamayee Geetà £ sarvagnà £naprayojikà £, sarvashà £stramayee Geetà £ tasmà £d Geetà £ vishishyate., (Bhagavad-Gita) The Gita proliferates with dharma, is the motivator of all information and includes all the shastras. This is why the Gita has accomplished a unique status. Work Cited Bhagavad-Gita. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2011. Web. 29 Jan. 2011. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63871/Bhagavadgita. Garaudy, Roger, the Bhagavad-Gita is a rich message, directed toward the human being, 1977 Johnson, W. J. The Bhagavad Gita Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. 99-102 Prabhupada, B S Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita. Trans.   Swarupananda, S., et al. Forgotten books 2008. Print. Winternitz, Maurice. History of Indian Literature. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation.   (2nd Ed), 1972 [1] Indian gurus

A Transitional House For The Disabled - 1391 Words

Proposal for (A transitional house for the disabled) By: Mary Noel-Morris Table of Contents I. Title Page 1 II. Table of Contents 2 III. Summary of Proposal 3 IV. Problem Statement 3 - 4 V. Goals and Objectives 5 - 6 VI. Project Activities 7 VII. Evaluation 11 VIII. Budget Summary 12 IX. Program Budget 15 X. The Group Process 17 Summary Statement In the 19th Century, The Government of Canada opened the first institution in 1876, for people with developmental disability just outside of Orillia. The facility had 2,600 residents by the year, 1968. The number of institutions and the residents were growing continually in the early 1970s. By†¦show more content†¦These individual may want their own freedom to do whatever they want to do especially drinking or taking drugs. If they are on their own out there, they’ll probably stop taking their prescribed medications. In reality, there are lots of families that are in crisis and when support or help are needed, there’s no choice within the community. People with disabilities and their families should not be forced to select an institution, if they are disabled. They should have the choice to be treated in the comfort of their own home. There are many barriers that make it hard to solve the problem and it is all because of insufficient funding for programs. In Ontario, the average hourly rate for non-medical home support, which includes companionship and personal assistance, is $20 to $30. The clients that require nursing visits or therapy cost about $50 - $60. Another problem is when some individuals with or without disability do not qualify for Social Security or In-home care Services. When this occurs, those people would have to remain in the nursing home because there is no one who can help care for them. We believe what we are proposing is going to make a difference because: 1. There’s a need for programs for people with disabilities who do not need to be in an institution and these programs had not been established. 2. It will expand on In-home Care Services. 3. This program will helpShow MoreRelatedA Transitional House For The Disabled882 Words   |  4 Pages Proposal for TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT (A transitional house for the disabled) By: Mary Noel-Morris Table of Contents I. Title Page 1 II. Table of Contents 2 III. Summary of Proposal 3 IV. Problem Statement 3 - 4 V. Goals and Objectives 5 VI. Project Activities 10 VII. Evaluation 11 VIII. Budget Summary 12 IX. Program Budget 15 X. The Group Process 17 Summary of Proposal In the 19th Century, The GovernmentRead MoreThe Transitional House For The Disabled1239 Words   |  5 Pages Grant Proposal For Independent Living Transitional House for the Disabled In The City of Fresno â€Æ' Table of Contents I. Title Page 1 II. Table of Contents 2 III. Summary of Proposal 3 IV. Potential Funding 4 V. 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There are three more stages to resettlement the refugees to the United States. These stages, two are transitional and one is long-term. The stages are representing the sending mission, the receiving mission and, the local community agencies. These stakeholders are working side by side and they are partners with the federal government to resettle refugees andRead MoreHomelessness : Poverty And Lack Of Permanent And Stable Housing1244 Words   |  5 Pagescensus somewhat depicts trends of homelessness, researc hers arguably say that, census is still not enough to determine the number of homeless people in the country. 2010 Government reports show that approximately 1.6 million people lacked permanent houses but were sheltered (Wihbey, 2014). The 2013 Annual Homeless Assessment Report released by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development gives data in the number of sheltered as well as the unsheltered people in reference to the results foundsRead MoreUnderstand the Potential Effect of Transitions on Children and Young People’s Development.1181 Words   |  5 Pageswhere a family breakdown is caused because on of the adults have been abusive and/or violent to the other this can be a positive transition as the child or young person will be taken out of a difficult home environment. PHYSICAL Moving house or area This physical transition can have an emotional impact on a child as they may be moving away from family and established friendships to an unknown place. They may be worried that they won’t ‘fit in’ and make new friends. 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Chic Soap Free Essays

You are asked to help formulate the IMC approach for the entrepreneur starting Chic Soap. The concept behind Chic Soap is simple; it sets out to incorporate fashionable perfumes such as Obsession, Raffinee and Opium into a high quality white soap base. The product would then be packaged using the logo of the perfume plus a Chic Soap common background. We will write a custom essay sample on Chic Soap or any similar topic only for you Order Now The advantages for the perfume supplier are: a guaranteed outlet for its perfumes at full retail prices; and a low cost trial route for potential customers. The advantages for Chic Soap are: the use of already established perfume concepts to promote the soap; and access to the distribution achieved by the perfumes. You are asked to identify the segment towards which the product is directed, the product benefit that is on offer, the way in which the segment will be serviced; how the distribution channel will be supported, what promotional planning will need to be included and an outline cash flow. The distribution channels available for the sale of toilet soaps of various qualities are independent chemists, department stores, multiple chemists, supermarkets, and grocers. There were an estimated 200,000 outlets selling soap in the United Kingdom. Most of these sold mass market products which retailed at 0. 25 per 150 gm bar. Premium soaps made up only a small proportion of the market and were available in a limited number of outlets which included independent chemists and department stores. The main competitive products in the premium sector were soaps such as Roger and Gallet, Penhaligon range, Yardley, Morley and three internationally available premium soaps. The prices for the 150gm bar for the 5 main ranges were: 1. 60, 1. 75, 1. 85, 1.95, 1. 45. There was some evidence that the price elasticity of the premium product sector was fairly low. Consumers bought the product primarily on perfume and image rather than any other product attribute. Very high prices were charged for soaps that were part of ranges such as Rive Gauche; around 5 00 for the 150 gram equivalent. As the companies sold very little soap in these ranges they were not particularly worried about the effects of other products cannibalising brand sales. They were prepared to see Chic Soaps take on the sales of perfumed soap to a wider market. The size of the total toilet soap market was around 190 million at retail. The top quality premium soap market was estimated to be 7 per cent of the total; it was growing slowly as the deodorant market came under pressure because of the environmental problems associated with aerosol sprays; other growth factors included the expansion in showers, and the expansion in the number of single homes. Retail outlets made about 20 per cent gross on premium soaps. They tended to hold only limited stocks, and did not therefore want the product in as large a quantity as mass market products which were available in cartons containing 50 or 100 bars. Many of the independent chemists were serviced through wholesalers. Such wholesalers accounted for about 70 per cent of the market. Wholesalers expected to make around 8 per cent. There were about 100 wholesalers that serviced the independent chemist; of these around 20 national chains accounted for 80 per cent of the total business. The national department stores (around 350) bought product direct. Research suggested that the main consumer of premium soaps was female 35+, socio-economic group A, concentrated in the South East of England and in large cities elsewhere. The average purchase of the 150 gramme soap was once every 3 weeks. An increasing proportion of the soap was bought as gifts, especially at Christmas. In the previous year, around 25 per cent of the total premium soap sector was purchased during the period early November to late December. Most advertising in the sector was in women’s magazines. It was estimated that it would cost around 100 to reach every 2000 consumers in the appropriate socio-economic group. The competition advertised heavily; average expenditure for the leading companies was around 400,000 per annum. 8. A sales representative would cost around 12,000 per annum; a company car would be 3,000 per annum. Such a sales representative could visit either 500 outlets direct or deal with 15 chains of wholesalers. The costs of packaging would be high. High quality packaging with the appropriate perfume design on the label would cost 0. 14 per unit; with a minimum print run of 40,000 units. It was anticipated that gift packs of the five perfumed soaps for the Christmas season would be an additional 0. 45 to produce with a minimum production run of 25,000 units. The company had access to five of the leading perfumes in the country. These accounted for approximately 20 per cent of total fragrance sales – the market has been and will remain highly fragmented. The costs of incorporating the perfume in the soap was 0. 40 per unit based on a minimum annual quantity of 300,000 units; 0. 65 per unit based on an annual quantity of 200,000 units, and 0. 80 on an annual quantity of 100,000 units. The soap base was widely available from a number of alternative suppliers. Costs varied considerably from year to year depending on the commodity market; in the year of the plan the base costs for a 150 gram bar were 0. 08 for the highest quality. Filling, molding and packing machinery could be bought from a variety of sources. A small but complete production line would cost around 25,000; it would be able to produce 1200 units per hour, and would occupy 2000 square feet of factory space. Changing the perfume and the packaging for each new production run would take around 2 hours. The production process would require skilled staff to monitor quality. It was estimated that three individuals would be needed, with an annual base salary of 35,000. 14. Research showed that the typical consumer perceived premium soap as ‘a touch of luxury’; an element of sophistication in an otherwise boring existence; a low cost way of giving a gift which would be appreciated. The main consumer interested in a changing range of exotic soaps was the working woman aged 25 – 45; over that age purchase patterns tended to become static. The company could use national parcel carriers to distribute the products to the customer. It would cost on average 0.50 per kilo; though deliveries outside the immediate area would be considerably more expensive. The company had initially decided to locate near to the main source of demand in the South East of England. There were a number of sites that had proved suitable for the location of the factory. The costs for the required 4000 square feet were on average 25000 per annum. The new business rate would add 5000 to these costs. Variable production costs per soap bar – in excess of raw materials and labor – were estimated to be 0. 02, consisting of energy and maintenance costs. How to cite Chic Soap, Papers

Nike Dumps Lance Armstrong

The article discusses the fate of Lance Armstrong, a world champion cyclist accused of using drugs to enhance performance. Several companies that used Armstrong in commercials to promote their brand ended their partnerships.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Dumps Lance Armstrong specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These companies include Nike, RadioShack corporation, Trek Bicycle Corporation, FRS Company and Anheuser-Busch (Albergotti et al par1). Among these companies, Nike was the harshest stating that the evidence presented against Armstrong by USADA was overwhelming. Despite ending the partnership, Nike maintained that it would continue to sponsor Armstrong’s Livestrong Foundation that supports cancer patients. Owing to the doping allegations that he denies, Armstrong resigned from the foundation’s leadership. Nike has in the past stood by Armstrong when similar allegations of doping were broug ht against him. These companies manufactured the things that Armstrong used in his cycling career including helmets, bicycles, sunglasses and clothes (Albergotti et al par4). The allegations have tarnished Armstrong’s image, and his ratings as a favorite among companies have declined greatly. Oakley Inc. maintained that it was reviewing the allegations and would determine the fate of their relationship with Armstrong after a verdict by the International Cycling Union. Unlike Tiger Woods, Kobe Bryant and Michael Vick who Nike strongly supported even after their scandalous accusations, Nike has disowned Armstrong even though they maintain that they believe he did not use drugs to enhance performance (Albergotti et al par10). The action taken by the companies of distancing themselves from Armstrong is understandable because he risks tarnishing their image too. In addition, the allegations presented by USADA give these companies a reason to end their relationship with Armstrong.A dvertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their actions have protected their corporate image because they have presented themselves as responsible companies that do not support the use of drugs. The decision by Nike to continue sponsoring Livestrong foundation is commendable because it is a gesture of their corporate social responsibility (Park par9). In addition, the decision by Oakley Inc. await the verdict of the International Cycling Union is fair because the allegations may be false. Armstrong’s decision not to appeal makes him appear guilty against the allegations of using and distributing performance enhancement drugs (Park par1). However, the cancellation of his endorsements by these companies is very harsh. They do not have any other evidence to prove that Armstrong doped part from the USADA report. In addition, the decision by the witnesses to testify against Armstrong i s unfair because they agreed after finding out that he had decided not to appeal. The incongruence in the affidavits of the witnesses is also an indication of Armstrong’s unfair treatment by USADA and the companies. Armstrong’s doctor has denied administering drugs to Armstrong (Mitchell par3). The law firm that handles USADA’s legal matters may have a grudge against Armstrong because he fights laws that encourage tobacco use, which the firm supports. The decision by Nike to end its partnership with Armstrong is unfair because of two main reasons. First, they are relying on USADA’s report that they cannot verify whether it is true or false. Their action further tarnishes Armstrong’s image despite the charitable work he has done (Pearson par6). Secondly, they continued to support Tiger Woods and Kobe Bryant who had scandals that tarnished their images. It is ironical and unfair for Nike to end their partnership with Armstrong because they maintain t hat they believe Armstrong did not use performance enhancement drugs (Mitchell par8).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Dumps Lance Armstrong specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nike and the other companies should have waited for the verdict of the International Cycling union before deciding to distance themselves from Armstrong. In addition, they should have conducted research to find the truth and use it to decide who is right between Armstrong and USADA. References Albergotti, Reed, O’Connell, Vanessa, and Vranica, Suzanne. Lance Armstrong Gets  Dumped. Web. Mitchell, Houston. Lance Armstrong’s Former Physician Denies All Doping Allegations. Web. Park, Alice. Which Drug is Lance Armstrong Accused of Taking?  Web. Pearson, Michael. Lance Armstrong’s Legacy May Withstand Accusations. Web. This essay on Nike Dumps Lance Armstrong was written and submitted by user Mia C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Greek fire essays

Greek fire essays The original Greek fire was an invention used as a weapon of the Eastern Roman Emperors. It is also said to have been invented by a Syrian engineer, one Callinicus, a refugee from Maalbek, in the seventh century. The Byzantines of Constantinople originally used it. But they never used the term Greek fire because they claimed to be Romans, and never called themselves Greeks. It was like an insult to them because in their times to be Greek was to have a bad reputation. The Greek fire was first time used in the war of seven years. In which the Arabs established a naval base on the peninsula of Kyzikos. This was on the second attack of a battle started by Theophanes. On the third attack of the same battle, Greek fire was used again against the Arabs. The liquid fire was hurled on the ships of their enemies from siphons and burst into flames on contact. As it was reputed to be inextinguishable and burned even on water, it caused panic and dread. Its introduction into warfare of its time was comparable in its demoralizing to the introduction of nuclear weapons in our time. Both Arab and Greek sources agree that it surpassed all incendiary weapons in destruction. It is also possible that Greek fire was really invented by the chemist in Constantinople who had acquired the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school. An Emperor, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, said that the recipe for Greek fire had been revealed by an angel to Constantine the Great, and that the earliest chemists called their science the divine art. Constantine Porphyrogenitus (tenth century) in his instruction to his son had commanded him emphatically to keep the composition secret: The secret had in the past been given by an angel to Constantine the Great, those imparting it were anathema, and one about to communicate it had been struck by lightning. ...

The Lords Baltimore and Their Impact on American History

The Lords Baltimore and Their Impact on American History Baron, or Lord, Baltimore is a now  extinct title of nobility in the Peerage of Ireland. Baltimore is an Anglicization of the Irish phrase baile an thà ­ mhà ³ir e, which means town of the big house.   The title was first created for Sir George Calvert in 1624. The title became extinct in 1771 after the death of the 6th Baron.  Sir George and his son, Cecil Calvert, were British subjects rewarded with land in the new world.   Cecil Calvert was the 2nd Lord Baltimore. It is after him that the Maryland city of Baltimore is named after. Thus, in American history, Lord Baltimore usually refers to Cecil Calvert. George Calvert George was an English politician who served as  Secretary of State  to King James I. In 1625, he was given the title Baron Baltimore when he resigned from his official position.​ George became invested in the colonization of the Americas. While initially for commercial incentives, George later realized colonies in the New World could become a refuge for English Catholics and a place for religious freedom in general. The Calvert family was Roman Catholic, a religion which most inhabitants of the New World and followers of the Church of England were prejudiced against. In 1625, Geroge publicly declared his Catholicism. Involving himself with colonies in the Americas, he was at first rewarded with a title to land in Avalon, Newfoundland in present-day Canada. To expand on what he already had, George asked the son of James I, Charles I, for  a royal charter to settle the land north of Virginia. This region would later become the state of  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Maryland. This land was not signed over until 5-weeks after his death. Subsequently, the charter and land settlement was left to his son, Cecil Calvert. Cecil Calvert Cecil was born in 1605 and died in 1675. When Cecil, second Lord Baltimore, founded the colony of Maryland, he expanded on his fathers ideas of freedom of religion and separation of church and state. In 1649, Maryland passed the  Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion. This act mandated religious tolerance  for Trinitarian Christians only. Once the act was passed, it became  the first law establishing a religious tolerance in British North American colonies. Cecil wanted  this law to also  protect Catholic settlers and others who  did not conform to the established state  Church of England.  Maryland, in fact, became known as a haven for Roman Catholics in the New World. Cecil governed Maryland for 42 years. Other Maryland cities and counties honor Lord Baltimore by naming themselves after him. For instance, there is Calvert County, Cecil County, and Calvert Cliffs.

Methods of enquiry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Methods of enquiry - Essay Example A Qualitative method of study differs from the usual quantitative methods (used in the study of pure sciences) in the sense that it tends to be far more subjective. This is in sharp contrast to the methods used in pure sciences which are exclusively objective. The research methods for marketing are a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Being open to qualitative methods of study also allows social scientists to incorporate non-quantitative data (i.e. non-numerical data, such as words, images, gestures, impressions etc.) in their study. Since human beings tend to operate in terms of such data and not in terms of the terminology used in ordinary sciences this broader outlook is far more applicable in the study of social sciences. In keeping with the methodology employed in marketing researches the theories too are formulated and used keeping in mind that they are not necessarily applicable to all conditions. Be it psychology, history, political science or economics human events are most likely to influence the rules which define the basic theories of a marketing subject. Success in the field of marketing researches can therefore be achieved if and only if it is understood that the subject has no space or opportunity for watertight methodologies or theories. (Lamb, 2004) The basic advantages of qualitative measures are multi-fold. Firstly, it presents a completely realistic approach that the statistical analysis and numerical data used in research based on quantitative research cannot provide. Another advantage of qualitative measures is that it is more flexible in nature in terms of collected information interpretation, subsequent analysis and data collection. It also presents a holistic point of view of the investigation. Furthermore, this approach of research allows the subjects to be comfortable thus be more accurate

Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Logistics - Essay Example The effectiveness of logistic is improved through alliances with local suppliers that reduce cost of transportation. Porter (1985) asserts that logistics is key component of value chain that greatly facilitates business activities. In the company, technology is intrinsic part of strategy that facilitates inbound and outbound logistics for effective supply chain for raw material and network of distributors for finished goods. The parts are sent to offshore business partners where assembling is done and local transports are used to send the goods to dealers and stores. Thus, outsourcing partnership across the region significantly reduces transportation costs and helps gain competitive advantage in the current recessive environment. This saves time and effort as the assembling of products could be easily altered to suit the demands of the local customers across geographical boundaries. The products therefore, reach the customers timely and efficiently. Hence through creative logistic st rategy, the company is not only able to survive but is also able to maintain its market position. The use of technology facilitates improved communication and enhances efficiency in delivery of goods and services. Most importantly, good logistics has helped to expand business across the globe and provided the company with sustainable source of continuous income.

Gangs - Gang Members Need Love :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Gangs - Gang Members Need Love Although gang members insist that gangs are the only way to ensure success today, others maintain that the only way to survive is to eliminate them. Many gangs threaten the safety of everyone in their 'hood (territory or neighborhood). Innocent people living in gang war-torn towns live in constant fear of death. However, for children who have no one to look up to and no future to look forward to, gangs can become their surrogate family. Gangs are not only a set of friends or a nights activity. Gangs are a way of life. There is no way to eliminate them, but changing the violent nature of many gangs is possible. Admittedly, gangs cause many serious problems, but they could end up helping more people than they hurt. A gang can be defined as a group of people who unite to serve a common purpose and engage in violent or otherwise criminal behavior. (http://www.ci.torrance.ca.us) The types of crimes committed by gang members differ between gangs, but the crimes generally associated with gangs include vandalism, robbery, drug-trafficking, assault, arson, and murder. There are many reasons why teenagers may join gangs. The root causes of violent gang formation are poverty, stressed families, unemployment, under-employment, under-education, racism, and the breakdown of sociocultural institutions. (http://www.instanet.com) Many people join gangs for protection from violent people in other gangs. (http://www.public.iastate.edu) Other people join gangs for the sense of family that comes along with it. The youth gang satisfies a void - the child's desire to feel secure. It provides the child with a sense of identity, belonging, power, and protection. The gang provides a protective barrier against the outs ide world. (http://www.highways.com) Gang life is dangerous and often deadly for the people directly involved and for their friends and family. However, not all those maimed or murdered are gang members or those connected with them. Innocent people are often caught in the crossfire and injured or killed. In some areas, as many as half of the victims of all gang murders are innocent bystanders. Their only mistake is being in the wrong place at the wrong time. (Osman 53) As Detective T. Wessel told the LA Times in October of 1991, "It's like bullets are flying everywhere. And where they land, heaven only knows." (Osman 55) Each gang has its own turf and graffiti marks its boundaries. Anyone not belonging in the area and who resembles a rival gang member may become the subject of an attack.

Cumberland Case Essay

1. What’s your price for the curled metal pads? Why? (3) 2. How attractive an opportunity is this for CMI? (7) 3. How are you going to market these pads? Describe your marketing plan. (8) 4. What are you going to say to the Colerick Foundation?Exhibit 1: CMI was one of the largest manufacturers of curled metal products in US with an 80% market share. CMI’s sales were dipping and management was not optimistic of maintaining the current market share in the long run. Cumberland had a history of using curled metal technology to develop innovative metal products like slip-seal to meet the demanding specifications. Existing cushion pads in the market seem to be meeting the need adequately and hence no specific attention was being paid to develop new and high performing products. The results of tests of the use of new metal pad had been excellent, exhibiting nearly 33% gain in efficiency and 20 times more life as compared to asbestos pads. Because of the lack of an existing market and sales and distribution channels, company faced a herculean task of convincing the channels that there indeed was a market for the new pad. Existing pads in the market came in standard diameters but CMI’s manufacturing process provided the flexibi lity to develop pads in any diameter using the same band of curled metal. Because of the lack of statistics on cushion pad usage, CMI did not have a clear idea of the sales mix of the various product sizes. Contractors and Subject matter Experts(Prof. R. Stephan McCormack of Pennsylvania A&M university ) had expressed great enthusiasm about the new pad. At this stage of prior to product launch and manufacturing, CMI seem to be struggling to find a responsible contractor to use the product and monitor its performance | Opportunities| Threats|No direct competition for Cumberland existed because of the lack of interest of†¦ foot driven. This alternative is in line with the price of current used pads in the test scenario, hence competitive. The advantage of this method is it fulfills the company objective of 50% markup, is easy to calculate, and competes well with other pads. Furthermore, proceeding years will realize a greater than 50% margin since the $150,000 equipment investment will be eliminated. This approach would work best for a strategy of extensive market penetration. Since the price of the pads are the same current used, CMI needs only to convince consumers of the  effici ency and safety advantages to convert them to the new pads. However, this pricing method does not consider the possibility of premium pricing due to efficiency cost savings or value added to the customer by using the CMI pads. Case PresentationCurled Metal Inc. (CMI) faced a pricing and channel marketing decision for metal pile cushions utilized during pile driving. CMI’s approach to metal pads has significant efficiency advantages over currently used pads available in the market. However, CMI has to take into account several barriers to entry into this market. The primary barrier is that most companies viewed role of pads as a necessary accessory or tangent item instead of viewing them as a potentially value adding or cost reducing part of pile driving. In order to penetrate the market, CMI has to alter the point of view of pile driving pads for the opinion leaders, engineering firms, and contractors involved in the decision process. There is several stakeholders to consider, first CMI that need a new successful product to the continued success of the company. The decisions regarding pile cushions could greatly increase the company’s revenues and profits. There are also several secondary sta keholders in the pile driving industry. Secondary stakeholders include pile hammer manufacturers, architectural consulting engineers, soil consultants, pile hammer distributing/renting companies,†¦Promotion strategyPatent? Curled Metal’s strategic and marketing objectivesThere is a need to increase the industry’s awareness for the new pad and to recognize it as a â€Å"necessity† for projects.This can be achieved by soliciting different influencing parties. Different parties have established ties with their targeted clients. The parties can easily influence clients.Pile hammer manufacturers, architectural/ Consulting engineers play a role in influencing decisions of contractors by providing recommendations. Curled Metal should maintain a good relationship with these parties and carry out firm visits to introduce the product to them.For independent pile-driving contractors, professional staff from Curled Metal can be assigned to these contractors to help with management at the initial period.Less resource should be allocated on pile hammer distributing and sophisticated engineering/ construction contractors as it may be difficult to change their mindsets.This can also be achieved th rough promotion. Curled metal can continue to make use of the influence of respected Professor Stephen McCormack of Pennsylvania A&M University. Since sophisticated  firms of the industry are familiar with his research, Curl Metal should value Professor McCormack’s influence. Curl Metal should publish the test results of the new pads to the industry when it is finalized.Curled Metal can make use of existing publication on pile-driving jobs, such as Oklahoma Contractor. Curled Metal can have its advertisement featured on the publication to introduce the advantages of the new pads.Curled Metal can also sponsor professional-level seminars and conference for contractors, designers and equipment developers to exchange ideas. Curl Metal can make us of the chance where different parties gather together and promote the new pads to them. Professors can be invited to hold talks and explain how the new pads can help save resources and time. Answered questions: What should a customer be willing to pay for one of Curled Metal Incorporated’s new cushion pads? What factors are relevant in calculating willingness to pay in this situation? Prepare a specific monetary estimate of customer value in this situation. What price should Curled Metal Inc. set for one of its new cushion pads? Why? Please focus on an 11.5-inch cushion pad. On page 1 of the case, Curled Metal Inc.’s vice president Joseph Fernandez says, â€Å"The way we price this could have a significant impact on everything else we do.† An integrated strategic option specifies the basic type of advantage a company will pursue (e.g., differentiation? low cost? other?), relevant decisions about customer and product scope, and key choices throughout the company’s value chain. Please prepare an integrated strategic option for CMI – an option that specifies your price but also specifies the many other choices facing CMI in formulating a strategy for its new cushion pads (e.g., in marketing, sales, distribution, production, finance, and other functions). Case analysis for Curled Metal Inc.1. What should a customer be willing to pay for one of Curled Metal Incorporated’s new cushion pads? What factors are relevant in calculating willingness to pay in this situation? Please prepare a specific monetary estimate of customer value in this situation. When calculating the value of CMI’s curled metal pads to the customers one has to take a variety of factors into account. These are the total costs per hour of pile driving, the saved costs for driving as well as the savings in  changing time. By calculating the total amount of money saved when applying the new pads, one can calculate the â€Å"real value† of the product. One „real hour’sâ€Å" worth of pile driving is calculated as follows: One real hour has a total cost of $714. We will use this number for further calculations. Below I have calculated the total costs for driving time, replacing pads for both the Kendrick Foundation Company and Corey construction†¦ Cumberland Metals: Case Study Analysis. 1/9Cumberland Metals faced a both a pricing and channel marketing decision for metal pile cushions utilized during pile driving. Cumberland’s approach to pile cushions had significant efficiency advantages over other asbestos methods that were currently available in the 1979 market. However, Cumberland faced several barriers to entry into the pile cushion market. The primary barrier was that most companies viewed role of cushions as a necessary accessory or tangent item instead of viewing cushions as a potentially value adding or cost reducing part of pile driving. In order to penetrate the market, Cumberland would have to alter the lackadaisical view of pile driving cushion pads for the opinion leaders, eng ineering firms, and contractors involved in the decision process.Key IssuesCumberland needs to consider several marketing decisions. First, they must determine a method for pricing and ultimately a price for the new metal pads. Second, Cumberla nd must decide which channels to market the pads based on the selected pricing strategy. Third, Cumberland must determine how much to invest in manufacturing equipment by estimating market penetration and considering the costs and benefits of investing in pad producing equipment.AnalysisCumberland’s new metal pile driving pads provided several benefits over the current asbestos cushions. Several Pad features and pricing decisions will be discussed and analyzed in this section. First, the safety and heat properties of the cushions will be analyzed and compared to current asbestos pads. Second, efficiency characteristics will be analyzed and compared with current asbestos pads. Third, several methods of calculating the best price in order to match the price to the value added for the customer will be discussed. Finally, an analysis of the different marketing channels a nd marketing strategy will be presented. Safety Presentation MarketingCumberland Metal Industries ( CMI cushion pads) The  Problem Definition: For Cumberland Metal Industries the curled metal cushion pads represent a great breakthrough. These pads offer the company the opportunity to diversify, and double their sales, given a proper market introduction. Cumberland Industries faces the challenge to Place in the market (promote/advertise) and price their latest innovation, the curled metal cushion pads in a way that it reveals the great advantages that the product provides.In order to do that, the company needs to pay attention to certain factors that can influence the success of the product on the market. These factors are: promotion and advertising, and the pricing of the metal pads on the market.Marketing Strategy: A sensible thing for the company to do is to use the niche strategy in order to place the product on the market. A Niche strategy will focus on a specific area of a service or a product. The advantage of using niche strategy is that it can focus on a specific niche that provides either a large volume of business or small volume with lucrative profit margins. The whole idea behind the niche strategy is that it targets those people who are interested in the type of product offered. In our case, by placing the CMI metal cushion pads as a niche, Cumberland Metal Industries has the potential of becoming a dominant player on the market.The next step is promoting and advertising the product as such (niche/innovative etc.). What Cumberland Industries should do, is create a brand. They have a truly innovative product that has the potential of becoming a huge success. Before the CMI metal pads, the only pads available were the asbestos pads. Those, however, could be found at diverse retailers, and were not properly marketed. Moreover, it is well known, and proven that the asbestos pads are a hazard to health and also there are some government regulations that prohibit the use of asbestos. Cumberland Metal Industries – Pricing Strategy Executive SummaryCumberland Metal Industries (CMI), a company specialized in making of curled metal products, has develop a new product, metal cushion pad with health safety and long durability, to help contractors drive piles faster. Based on the successful tests, CMI now wants to launch this new product to the market. The main challenge CMI is facing is to price its new pads. Since the pad is totally new in the market, CMI should use perceived  value pricing method and apply marketing mix programs comprised of advertising, education, and distribution channels to launch this product as well as develop it to get full market share in the future.Perceived Value Pricing – strategy for future successCMI should set the objective of this new business to be the monopoly and to maximize profits. However, the prerequisite for this objective is to get a patent to prevent this product from being copied and imitated. As long as CMI did not get patent for this product, CMI should not sel l it as it would invite the entry of competitors because this cushion pad is not a high technology product and easy to be copied.

Tectonic Plates Effect on Evolution

Tectonic Plates Effect on Evolution

Tectonic Plates Effect on Evolution